النظام العسكري الدولة العثمانية في ١٩٠٨-١٨٢٧م

Abstract

During the period of 1827-1908, the Ottoman military witnessed many changes and reforms in an attempt to modernize and keep up with the modern military developments. In 1826, Muhammad Ali Pasha established a new army in Egypt that enjoyed European training and modern armaments. This army was used in the war of 1839 against the Ottoman state and performed excellently in the battles. From 1840 to 1853, the Ottoman state worked on developing its army and provided modern weapons and technology to the army. However, the Ottoman army suffered from many problems, including corruption, weak leadership, and discrimination against ethnic and religious minorities. In 1876, a constitution was issued that ensured equality for all citizens, and the Ottoman state began working on greater reforms in the army and government. In 1908, the Young Turks staged a coup against the Ottoman government and declared the constitution that ensured equality for all citizens. In the period that followed, the Ottoman state carried out many reforms in the army and began providing modern training and military technology. However, the Ottoman army was not able to keep up with the modern military developments at the same pace as other states, which contributed to its weakening and eventual collapse.