The Administration of Halalan Tayyiban Products and Services in the Era of Islamic Caliphates under Hisbah Institution

Abstract

A caliphate is a territory under the leadership of an Islamic steward known as a caliph, a person considered a religious successor to the Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim community. Historically, the caliphates were polities based in Islam which developed into multi-ethnic transnational empires. During the medieval period, three major caliphates existed: the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258). The fourth major caliphate, the Ottoman Caliphate, established by the Ottoman Empire in 1517. One of the duties of a caliph is to administer and control the market which was included in Hisbah system. The Hisbah is a religious institution under the authority of the state that appoints people to carry out the responsibility of enjoining what is right, whenever people start to neglect it, and forbidding what is wrong, whenever people start to engage in it. The purpose of this is to safeguard society from deviance, protect the faith, and ensure the welfare of the people in both religious and worldly manners according to the Law of Allah. Allah has made it obligatory upon all Muslims to enjoin good and forbid wrongdoing to the extent of their knowledge and abilities. Halalan Tayyiban products and services were controlled under this institution. And this paper is an attempt to highlight such control in the history of Islam. How were Halalan Tayyiban products and services administered and controlled?